I found the “literature as intertextual or self-reflective construct” angle most interesting because it seems as though there is a paradox. This perspective argues that “works are made of other works”, whether that is from other writings or concepts, like traditions (Culler 34). A poem written by author A is really a reiteration of an idea author B had. Stories and plays are written, sometimes unintentionally, based on culture or preexisting biases. Literature is the transformation, progression, reform, or renewal of present or past literature. However, this begs the questions: What was the first piece of literature, and if we can define it, how can we be so sure? How would we know if it was not a continuation of an idea posed by someone or something else?